DECEMBER

December 3, 2004
20 YEARS AFTER BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY MASSIVE PROTESTS AND RALLIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY
Monumental mobilisation marked the twentieth anniversary of the gas leakage at the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. In addition to the demands for a comprehensive compensation package for the victims, and the fulfillment of outstanding demands of the movement, what was also raised was the urgent need for a system of environmental regulation that was sensitive to the vulnerability of those living on the margins of society.
Articles:
Ramaseshan, Radhika (1984). 'Government Responsibility for Bhopal Gas Tragedy', Economic and Political Weekly, No. 50, 15 December.
Khare, R.S. (1987). 'The Bhopal Industrial Accident: Anthropological and Civic Issues, Anthropology Today, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 4-6.
Pearce, F. and S. Tombs (1989). 'Bhopal: Union Carbide and the Hubris of the Capitalist Technocracy, Social Justice, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.116-144.
Trotter, R.C., S.G. Day and A.E. Love (1989). 'Bhopal, India and Union Carbide: The Second Tragedy', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 439-454.
Sarangi, Satinath (2002). 'Crimes of Bhopal and the Global Campaign for Justice, Social Justice, Vol. 29.
Venkatesan, V (2003). 'A Disaster by Design, Frontline, Vol. 19 , No. 26. (www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl1926/stories/20030103002309600.htm)
Editorial (2004). 'Bhopal: Twenty Years On', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 49, p. 5187.
Cohen, Gary (2004). 'The Chemical Industry's Bhopal Legacy', Seminar, No. 544.
Books:
Hazarika, Sanjoy (1987). Bhopal: The Lessons of a Tragedy, New Delhi: Penguin.
Bogard, William (1989). The Bhopal Tragedy: Language, Logic, and Politics in the Production of a Hazard, London: Westview.
Chouhan, T.R. et al. (1994). Bhopal, The Inside Story: Carbide Workers Speak Out on the World's Worst Industrial Disaster, New York: Apex.
Eckerman, Ingrid (2005). The Bhopal Saga: Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster, Hyderabad: Hyderabad Universities Press.
Films:
Bhopal: The Search for Justice (52 min, 2004), Directed by: Lindalee Tracey and Peter Raymon
One night in Bhopal (2004), Directed by: Steven Condie
Closer to Reality (22 min, 2005), Produced by: We for Bhopal
Websites:
www.bhopal.net/
www.bhopal.com/
www.studentsforbhopal.org/
www.mp.gov.in/bgtrrdmp/
www.hinduonnet.com/2004/12/11/stories/2004121101271000.htm - Sharma, Kalpana (2004). 'Bhopal Remembered', The Hindu, December 4.

December 11
ON WARREN ANDERSON'S EXTRADITION:
Venkatesan, V.  (2004). 'Elusive Extradition', Frontline, Vol. 21, No. 20
(www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2120/stories/20041008003811000.htm)
www.greenpeace.org/international/news/carbide-criminal-found
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Anderson_%28chairman%29

December 5, 2004
INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR DALITS' STRUGGLE
A People's Dignity Rally was held at Delhi's Ram Lila grounds drawing thousands of Dalits, minorities, tribals, unorganised workers and women. Demanding an elimination of all forms of discrimination, exclusion and oppression, the rally was marked by the remarkable synergy and coordination between mass organisations, Dalit groups and diverse activist organisations.
Websites:
www.ifiwatchnet.org/?q=en/node/1260
www.indiaresource.org/news/2004/1041.html
www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120610581200.htm

December 6
DR. AMBEDKAR'S MAHAPARINIRVAN DIVAS
Hundreds of thousands of Dalit men and women from all over India, gather annually at Shivaji Park in Mumbai to pay homage to Dr. Ambedkar on his death anniversary. The gathering is usually animated by current struggles and issues of discontent and serves as an important forum for mobilisation around issues of Dalit marginality.
Websites:
www.ambedkar.org/
http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/main.htm

December 8, 1946
THE HAJONGS OF SUSANG LAUNCH THE TANKA MOVEMENT
The Hajongs of Susang in the northern regions of Mymensingh District of present-day Bangladesh were among several non-Bengali Hindus residing in the region. Subject to excessive rents, thousands turned against their Bengali landlords in what came to be known as the Tanka Movement.
Articles:
Schendel, W. v. (1985). ''Madmen' of Mymensingh: Peasant Resistance and the Colonial Process in Eastern India, 1824 To 1833', Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 139-173.
Chatterjee, Partha (1986). 'The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920-1947', Past and Present, No. 110, pp. 169-204.
Books:
Schendel, W. v. (2005). The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia, Anthem South Asian studies, London: Anthem.

December 10, 2005
TRIBALS PROTEST IN CHHATTISGRAH RAISING THE ISSUE OF FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY
Over a thousand people, mostly Adivasis, came together in a protest rally in Ambikapur, Chhatisgarh. Concerned about their livelihoods and food security, the rally registered strong dissatisfaction with state-initiated poverty alleviation programmes. Extensive cases were presented of corruption and faulty implementation in a wide variety of schemes - from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act to the Public Distribution System.
Articles:
Wendler, Jana. 'No Democracy, No Food: Status of People's Access to and Control over Livelihood and Development Resources under PESA'.
(www.grassroots.org.in/catalogue/No%20Democracy,%20No%20Food%20-%20Report,%20F&D.pdf)
Websites:
www.indiatogether.org/direct/2006/cdr-000391.html

December 10
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations on this day in 1948.
Websites:
www.un.org/events/humanrights/2007/
http://nhrc.nic.in/disparchive.asp?fno=1511

December 10, 1999-June 20, 2000
EKTA PARISHAD'S SIX-MONTH LONG PADYATRA BEGINS IN MADHYA PRADESH
Around 3000 people drawn from 10,000 villages participated in a six month-long protest march demanding the transfer of land from the state to landless tribal communities across Madhya Pradesh. The rally compelled the state government to initiate several land redistribution programmes.
Articles:
Subramaniam, C.N. (1997). 'The Tribal Question and Tribal Movements in Central India, Revolutionary Democracy, Vol. 3, No. 2. (www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n2/tribe.htm)
Baviskar, Amita (2001). 'Written on the Body, Written on the Land: Violence and Environmental Struggles in Central India'. In Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (Eds.), Violent Environments, USA: Cornell University Press (http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/EnvirPol/WP/10-Baviskar.pdf)
Behar, Amitabh (2002). 'Peoples' Social Movements: An Alternative Perspective on Forest Management in India', Overseas Development Institute, London, UK. (www.odi.org.uk/publications/working_papers/wp177.pdf)
Sah, D.C. (2005). 'Commons and Community: Evidence from Southwestern Tribal Belt of Madhya Pradesh', CRPC-IIPA Working Paper. (www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/IIPA-CPRC2005Seminar/chap-22.pdf)
Books:
Ramagundam, Rahul (2001). Defeated Innocence: Adivasi Assertion, Land Rights and the Ekta Parishad Movement, Delhi: Grassroots India.
Websites:
www.ektatrust.org/gramin.html
www.indiatogether.org/tribal/letters/chambal02.htm
www.peuples-solidaires.org/article811.html
www.actionvillageindia.org.uk/AVI/VM/pdfs/VM22.pdf

December 10, 2002
SEED SATYAGRAHA IN CHHATTISGRAH
In a move to protest the sale of thousands of varieties of paddy germplasm to Syngenta corporation, a large number of people courted arrests while re-asserting their rights over these rare varieties. They affirmed their sovereignty over food production and indigenous seeds. The agitation was led by the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha and hundreds courted arrest across the state.
Articles:
Krishnakumar, Asha (2003). 'Farmers' Battle for Seed Rights, Frontline, Vol. 20, No. 15.
_________ (2003). 'A Deal Blocked, Frontline, Vol. 20, No. 2.
_________ (2004). 'Rice and Rights, Frontline, Vol. 21, No. 11.
Websites:
http://ngin.tripod.com/111202d.htm

December 10, 2002
1,000 FARMERS CALL FOR JAL SAMADHI (DEATH BY DROWNING) AT VEER DAM
Suffering from a chronic case of poverty caused by a serious shortage of water, the Purandar Water Action Committee made a call for jal samadhi or death by drowing at the Veer Dam, 70 km from Pune. The police attacked the peaceful demonstration and launched a search for movement leaders in the surrounding villages.
Websites:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31093143.cms

December 11, 1972
PROTEST AGAINST COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF HIMALAYAN FORESTS IN PUROLA
As a precursor to the Chipko Movement that was to take off and spread across the country as one of the most powerful non-violent struggle to conserve the environment, protests were held in various places in present-day Uttarakhand beginning on this day. Similar protests were held in Uttarkashi on December 12 and Gopeshwar on December 15.
Websites:
www.cseindia.org/aagc/pdf/envmanagement.pdf
Articles:
Shiva, Vandana and Jayanto Bandhyopadhyay (1986). Chipko: India's Civilisational Response to the Forest Crisis, INTACH Environmental Series.
[For more on the Chipko movement, see March 27, January 9]

December 12, 1939
NUPI LAN (WOMEN'S WAR) IN MANIPUR BEGINS
The second Nupi Lan, or Women's War, began in Manipur protesting the rice export policy of the Maharaja of Manipur. Beginning in the Khwairamband Bazar, a market run entirely by women the rebellion was both against the Maharaja and the British. With a long history of powerful women's movements in Manipur, the First Nupi Lan was fought in 1904 against British exploitation of forced labour.
Articles:
Longjam, Ibotomi. 'Nupi Lan the Women's War in Manipur, 1939: An Overview'.
(http://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/nupilal.html)
Yambem, Sanamani (1976). 'Nupi Lan: Manipuri Women's Agitation, 1939,' Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 11, No. 8.
Ningthouja, Malem (2007). 'Nupi Lan Women's War of Manipur, Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol. 1, No. 2. (www.ghadar.in/Vol1_Issue2_PDF/v1_I2_Reflections.pdf)
Websites:
www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Nupi_Lan.Nupi-lan_1939_2

December 16, 2004
7,000 TRIBALS GATHER ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE MAIKANCH POLICE FIRING
On this day in 2000, the police fired on Adivasis protesting the aluminum mining units proposed to be set up by Utkal Alumina International Limited (UAIL), a joint venture between Canada-based Alcan and India's HINDALCO. The project continues to face heavy opposition from local Adivasis who fear that the environmental destruction will create displacement and adversely affect their livelihoods.
Articles:
Sahoo, Sarbeswar. 'Tribal Displacement and Human Rights Violation in Orissa'.
(http://sahoo.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/displacement-human-right.pdf)
Das, Achyut and Vidya Das, 'Chronicle of a Struggle: The Kashipur Anti-Mining Movement, Ecologist Asia, Vol. 12, No. 2. (www.sanctuaryasia.com/features/detailfeatures.php?id=757)
Muralidharan, Sukumar (2001). 'Issues of Livelihood and Displacement, Frontline, Vol. 18, No. 1.
William, Stanley (2002). 'Land Does Not Belong To Us We Belong To the Land: Mining in Orissa, India, Echoes, Issue 21.
(2005) 'Theirs to Mine, Down to Earth, Vol. 13, No. 22.
Bhargava, S.N. (2006). 'Kashipur: An Enquiry into Mining and Human Rights Violations in Kashipur, Orissa', Report of the Indian People's Tribunal on Environment and Human Rights, Mumbai: Indian Peoples Tribunal on Environment and Human Rights.
Films:
UAIL Go Back! (22 min, 2003), Produced & Directed by: Angad Bhalla
Websites:
http://kashipursolidarity.tripod.com/
www.kashipur.info/
www.acpp.org/uappeals/uaupdate/2004/up04031605.html
www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2005/kashipur-writ.htm
www.minesandcommunities.org//search.php?words=kashipur&order=date
www.freewebs.com/epgorissa/kashipur.htm
www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?/Kashipur_Bauxite/Utkal_update_PSSP_122004
www.petitiononline.com/pr2d3456/petition.html
www.ambedkar.org/News/hl/PoliceFiring.htm
www.insafindia.org/publication/Kashipur.htm
www.tehelka.com/story_main34.asp?filename=cr220907THEFIST.asp
http://infochangeindia.org/200311015504/Human-Rights/Analysis/Orissa-A-continuing-denial-of-Adivasi-rights.html
http://indiapost.com/article/india/1573/
www.indiaresource.org/news/2005/1004.html
www.hindu.com/2005/04/20/stories/2005042009861100.htm - Menon, Meena (2005). 'The Battle for Bauxite in Orissa, The Hindu, April 20.
www.alcantinindia.org/film.html - Information on a related film and video.

December 16, 1983
SUPREME COURT MAKES IT BINDING ON THE STATE TO ENSURE MINIMUM WAGES AND SOCIAL SECURITY
In the Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs. Union of India and others case, the Supreme Court passed a judgment making it obligatory for the State to “identify, release and rehabilitate bonded labourers”, irrespective of whether or not the worker had initiated legal proceedings claiming himself/herself to be a bonded worker.
Articles:
Bonner, Arthur (1990). Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today, USA: Duke University Press, pp. 395-403.
Srivastava, Ravi S. (2005). 'Bonded Labour in India: Its Incidence and Pattern', Working Paper, International Labour Office, Geneva. (http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=forcedlabor)
Books:
Brass, Tom (1999). Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates, England: Frank Cass Publishers.
Websites:
www.swamiagnivesh.com/bl.htm
http://afpoh.blogspot.com/2007/08/bonded-labour-in-india.html
http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/58.htm - Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.

December 17, 1995
GARHWALI WOMEN TIE THREADS AROUND TREES AS A SYMBOL OF THEIR WILL TO PROTECT THEM
The continuous felling of trees and unsustainable exploitation of forest resources led to a symbolic protest by local women of Garhwal, who tied a sacred thread around the trees affirming their deep relationship with them.
Articles:
Movement Features (2000-2007), Kriti: New Delhi, Vol. I, No. i-vii, pp. 16.
Websites:
www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20file%20110/7.%20Rakshasutra%20Movement.pdf
[For more on the Chipko Movement, see March 27, January 9]

December 18, 1986
PEOPLE'S MARCH FOR COMMUNAL HARMONY IN NEW DELHI
In a massive demonstration two years after the anti-Sikh carnage in Delhi, a People's March for Communal Harmony was held in New Delhi.
Articles:
(1986). People's March for Communal Harmony, Committee for Communal Harmony, New Delhi: Chinar Export Ltd.
Books:
Sethi, Harsh and Smitu Kothari (1985). Voices from a Scarred City, Delhi: Lokayan.

December 18, 2006
SCHEDULED TRIBES AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS (RECOGNITION OF FOREST RIGHTS) ACT PASSED IN PARLIAMENT
After a long and hard battle to restore the basic rights of Adivasis and other forest dwellers over forests and forest produce, this Act was finally passed in Parliament. It took another year before it was notified on January 1, 2008 and even now, the law that empowers the Gram Sabha (village assembly) has been met with a series of adverse responses from state governments across the country highlighting the enormous challenges in realising progressive rights recognised in law.
Articles:
Asian Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Network (2006). 'India's Forest Rights Act of 2006: Illusion or Solution?', Indigenous Issues. (www.aitpn.org/Issues/II-09-06-Forest.pdf).
Websites:
http://enrap.org.in/PDFFILES/Forest%20Dwellers%20Act%202006.pdf - The Act
http://forestrightsact.awardspace.com/ www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2007/January/forest_right_act.html

December 22, 2003
BODO, DOGRI, MAITHILI AND SANTALI LANGUAGES INCLUDED IN THE 8TH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION
In recognition of the large populations that speak Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali and the essential importance of these languages to their cultural and social existence, these languages were recognised as National Languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
Articles:
Lotz, Barbara (2004). 'Promoting Tribal Languages in Education: A Case Study of Santali in Orissa', Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 129-42.
Websites:
http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend92.htm
www.goethals.org/santalstrug.htm
www.hindu.com/2003/12/24/stories/2003122406841100.htm

December 23
KISAN DIVAS (FARMERS DAY)
Kisan Divas (Farmers Day) is celebrated on the birth anniversary of Charan Singh, a former Prime Minister and advocate of farmers rights.
Websites:
www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021207/nation.htm#7

December 23, 1986
THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION) ACT WAS ENACTED
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was enacted with a purpose to “prohibit the engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of work of children in certain other employments”. Even if nominally, the Act was a victory in the struggle against bonded and child workers.
Articles:
Antony, Piush and V Gayathri (2002). 'Child Labour: A Perspective of Locale and Context', Economic and Political Weekly, December.
(http://www-ilo-mirror.cornell.edu/public/english/region/asro/newdelhi/download/epwvg.pdf)
Dasgupta, Modhurima (2008). 'Public Interest Litigation for Labour: How the Indian Supreme Court Protects the Rights of India's Most Disadvantaged Workers, Contemporary South Asia, Vol. 16, No. 2,
pp. 159-70.
Books:
(1996) The Small Hands of Slavery: Bonded Child Labour in India, Human Right Watch/Asia, September.
Tripathy, S.N. (1996). Child Labour in India: Issues and Policy Options, South Asia Books.
Kanna, Venkat V. (2002). Law and Child Labour in India, Anmol Publications.
Websites:
www.swamiagnivesh.com/
http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=198661
[For more on Child Workers in India, see February 1]

December 23, 2002
RASHTRIYA JAL CHETNA YATRA IN DELHI, HARYANA AND RAJASTHAN
An initiative of Jal Biradari (Water Fraternity) led by Tarun Bharat Sangh, the Rashtriya Jal Chetna Yatra (Water Awareness March) traversed areas in Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan highlighting the privatisation of water and emphasising community control and sustainable use of water resources. Similar yatras took place in different states across the country.
Articles:
Sebastian, Sunny (2001). 'The Water Man of Rajasthan, Frontline, Vol. 18, No. 17.
Websites:
www.tarunbharatsangh.org/
www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/inspirational/tbs.html

December 23, 2005
THE CHALAKUDY RIVER PROTECTION FORUM AT ATHIRAPPILLY, KERALA LAUNCHES AGITATION AGAINST PROPOSED HYDEL PROJECT
While the Kerala Government repeatedly attempted to go ahead with the proposed Athirappilly hydel power project organising several clearances from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, sustained organized opposition has prevented the start of work on the proposed project.
Websites:
www.chalakudyriver.org

December 24, 1985
BABA AMTE'S BHARAT JODO ABHIYAN MARCH FROM KANYAKUMARI TO JAMMU BEGINS
The Bharat Jodo Abhiyan was a march of solidarity undertaken by noted social reformer Baba Amte to highlight the need for a unified and new India, one without the prejudices of casteism, communalism and regionalism. The march covered 5250 kilometres from Kanyakumari to Jammu.
Books:
Amte, Baba and Ramesh Gupta (2001). Flames and Flowers, Indian Publishers.
Staffner, Hans (2005, 3rd edition). Baba Amte, Popular Prakashan.
Kainthla, Anita (2005). Baba Amte: A Biography, Viva Books.
Mirchandani, Neesha (2006). Wisdom Song and the Life of Baba Amte, Roli Books.
Websites:
www.narmada.org/AMTE/vanaprastha2.html
www.karmayog.org/redirect/strred.asp?docId=13254
www.babaamte.net/ - link to documentary film on Baba Amte

December 24, 1996
THE PROVISIONS OF THE PANCHAYATS (EXTENSION TO THE SCHEDULED AREAS) ACT (PESA) ENFORCED
A precursor to the Forest Right Act, 2006, PESA began the process of institutionalising customary rights and practices of Adivasis in Schedule V areas protected by the Constitution. The Act and its implementation intensified the debate on devolution, decentralization and autonomy and emphasised the political need to deepen democracy.
Books:
Springate-Baginski, Oliver and Piers Blaikie (Eds.) (2007). Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia, Earthscan Forestry Library
Articles:
Kothari, Smitu (2000). 'To be Governed or to Self-Govern', The Hindu Folio, July 15.
Sarin, Madhu, et al (2003). 'Devolution as a Threat to Democratic Decision-Making in Forestry? Findings from Three States in India. In Edmunds, David and Eva Wollenberg (Eds.), Local Forest Management: The Impacts of Devolution Policies, Earthscan.
Prabhu, Pradip (2004). 'PESA and the Illusions of Tribal Self-Governance' in Combat Law, Vol. 2, No. 5. (www.combatlaw.org/information.php?issue_id=148&article_id=353)
Upadhyay, Sanjay (2004). 'Tribal Self-Rule Law and Common Property Resources in Scheduled Areas of India A New Paradigm Shift or another Ineffective Sop?', A paper to be presented at the Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property. (IASCP) in Mexico, 9-13 August 2004 (http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN21306.pdf)
Kumar, V. Anil (2007). 'Decentralisation as a Policy Process in India', Working Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Change, Bangalore (www.esocialsciences.com/data/articles/Decentrali1212200718.pdf)
Kothari, Smitu (2007). 'Challenging Centralised Governance: The Struggle for Self-Rule'. In Satyajit Singh and Pradeep K. Sharma, Decentralization: Institutions and Politics in Rural India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Websites:
http://cgnet.in/FT/pesaact
www.agragamee.org/Myths%20and%20Realities.pdf - Governance in Tribal Area: Myths and Realities

December 25, 1927
DR. AMBEDKAR'S MAHAD SATYAGRAHA WHEN HE BURNT THE MANUSMRITI
Publicly burning the Manusmriti before a conclave of satyagrahis, Dr. Ambedkar affirmed that this political act was a symbolic of the rejection by the Dalit movement of Brahminical ritualism that provided scriptural sanction to untouchability and other kinds of caste subjugation. This day is also celebrated by the Dalit Women's Movement as the day when Indian women got notional freedom from religious slavery.
Articles:
Omvedt, G. (1991). 'The Anti-Caste Movement and the Discourse of Power', Race and Class, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 15-27.
Ram, N. (1998). 'Dalit Movements in India: A Perspective from the Below', The Indian Journal of Social Work, Vol. 59, No. 1, 99.
Omvedt, G. (2004). 'Caste System and Hinduism', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 11, 1179.
Jaoul, N. (2006). 'Learning the Use of Symbolic Means: Dalits, Ambedkar Statues and the State in Uttar Pradesh', Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 40, pp. 175-207.
Omvedt, G. (2006). Book Review - 'Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste/ Jaffrelot', The Journal Of Asian Studies, Vol. 65 No. 2, pp. 438-439.
Books:
Omvedt, G. (1994). Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Ambedkar, B. R., & V. Rodrigues (2002). The Essential Writings of B.R. Ambedkar, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Gore, M. S. (1993). The Social Context of an Ideology: Ambedkar's Political and Social Thought, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Zelliot, E. (1992). From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement, New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
Jaffrelot, C. (2005). Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System, New York: Columbia University Press.
Ram, N. (2008). Dalits in Contemporary India: Discrimination and Discontent, New Delhi: Siddhant Publications.
Websites:
www.ambedkar.org/
http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/
www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/index.html
www.mainstreamweekly.net/article647.html

December 25
INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Websites:
www.un.org/depts/dhl/violence/

December 29, 1948
HIND MAZDOOR SABHA FOUNDED
Amongst the five largest central Trade Unions, the Hind Mazdoor Sabha is independent of any political party. Formed in 1948, it has a membership of 4.5 million. Over 2300 Trade Unions are affiliated to it and it is an affiliate of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).
Websites:
http://members.rediff.com/hms/
www.icftu.org

December 30, 1975
NISHA BANDH MOVEMENT BEGAN IN MANIPUR
The mid-1970s saw an upsurge in the women's movement to bring peace and security to the region. As part of this struggle, Manipuri women began the Nisha Bandh or anti-liquor movement to both address growing alcoholism and monitor the liquor business.
Articles:
Devi, Bimola (2002). 'Manipuri Women in the Beginning of the 21st Century'. (http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/June2002/manipuriwomen07_1.htm).